SUBMITTED ; Lab 7
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First Name, __ t>_O_t>i_\_t&_\ Q._~_, _____ _ Lab 7 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CAPTURE OF LIGHT ENERGY INTRODUCTION Heterotrophic organisms such as fungi and bacteria obtain the energy they need for growth, reproduction, and movement by decomposing other organisms or molecules. Members of the Kingdom Plantae, together with some members of the Kingdom Protista and all of the cyanobacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria), are photosynthetic organisms; as such, they are autotrophs: they synthesize their own food by using simple raw materials plus the energy of sunlight. Members of the Kingdom Animalia, heterotrophic organisms including ourselves, obtain energy from the food they eat. In addition, the process of photosynthesis is the source of oxygen required for the respiration of both plants and animals. The process of photosynthesis transduces (converts) the kinetic energy of sunlight into the potential energy of chemical bonds. The energy is initially trapped in ATP molecules, later incorporated into the bonds of glucose, and eventually stored as carbohydrates-sugar or starch. Because this laboratory exercise is about the Kingdom Plantae, the process of photosynthesis will be examined as it is carried out in the chloroplasts of plant cells. The process of photosynthesis is a complex series of chemical reactions that begins with carbon dioxide and water (molecules of low potential energy) and ends with carbohydrates such as glucose and starch (molecules of high potential energy). The metabolic activity of plants enables the radiant energy of sunlight to be transduced (converted) to the energy found in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates. In both autotrophs and heterotrophs, carbohydrates originally produced by photosynthesis are broken down by cellular respiration, releasing the energy captured from the sun for metabolic needs. The photosynthetic reaction can be summarized by the equation: light energy water carbon dioxide 6 02+ oxygen 6 H20 water
ET . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. Now carefully decant (pour off) the infiltration solution into the sink and quickly add lhe 15 ml of NaHCO3 to test tube 1 and lhe 15 ml of dH2O lo lest tube 2. Swirl the test tubes to mix the contents. 8. Place the test tubes in test tube rack behind a 600 ml beaker ¾
of the way filled with tap water. Turn on the flood lamp (Figure 7-2). flood lamp_d-
600 ml beaker with tap water test tube rack Figure 7-2 Arrangement of flood lamp, beaker, and test tube rack for photosynthesis 9. At 1-minute intervals for 20 minutes, count the number of leaf disks that are floating. Swir1 the contents of the tubes at the end of each 1-minute interval (after counting) so that all leaf disks are suspended in the vortex. The time required for a leaf disk to float is an index of the rate of photosynthesis in that leaf. Some disks will be "early floaters," others "late floaters." Record your data in Table 7-1. \,\."'~ Table 7-1 Data from Floating Disk Assay Experiment Tube 1 (NaHCO3) Tube 2 (dH2O) Tube 1 (NaHCOJ) Tube 2 (dH20) NDF'* %··· NDF'' %* .. ET' NDF'* NDF'* %**• \l o ·I. 0 o
·
,. 11 (, ,o·/-
0 O·J. 0 o
·
1. 0 o·1 12 1 lO·/. 0 0·1 ti o
·
/. 0 o
·
, 13 l' 10·1. 0 o
·
,. () O'/. 0 {)'/. 14 1 lO·/. 0 o
·
, () o
·
,. 0 o·. 15 1-
1-0·1. V. I. 0 0·1. 0 0·1. 16 l 10·/. 0 o·,. 0 U•I, 0 o
·
,. 17 1-
10·1. 0 o
·
, 'l. 1,-,. () O·/. 18 l lo
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/. 0 0 /. 'l 1.1> -,. 0 O·/. 19 {\) ~0·1. 0 0·1. eoo
·
,. 0 0 ,. 20 ~o
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,. 0 O'/. ·=Elapsed time (minutes); NDF" = Number disks floatinq; %''* = NDF/10 X 100% 10. Plot the data you accumulated in Table 7-1 in Figure 7-3 below. Use a"+" for Tube 1 and an "o" for Tube 2. 11. NOTE: AFTER COMPLETING THIS SECTION OF THE LAB, WASH YOUR DIRTY LABWARE WITH SOAP, RINSE WITH TAP WATER, AND DRY WITH PAPER TOWEL. INVERT TEST TUBES IN THE TEST TUBE RACK FOR PROPER DRAINAGE. -4· \,\'.\& 4• 9\~lt
r % of Leaf Discs Floating Figure 7 .3 Floating leaf disk assay for photosynthesis t t t r t t t t t t tO to t0 10 10 iO tO iO t0 II b o O O O Q O O O 0 \ 1 3 l\ c;, l-
<\ IO \\ 1t \1, l't 15 l(c, 11 IP, 1 't '}J) nme after light illuminated (min) Questions 1. What would you expect to happen if the floating leaf disks were placed in the dark? Explain your answer. Include specific reactions of photosynthesis in your answer. \f t~e \eqve$ wu~ \M~ H1 <\ot~,-\he~ u.f1\\ .sin~-w-,1hu~t \l~'M inetg~, o'l.~qen e<HYt be prod~ted. 2. What is the source of CO2 in this experiment? 50d\um 'ok,~\'oOl\q\f, l SEPARATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY Adsorption chromatography is a method used to separate a chemical mixture by passing it over a material that adsorbs different compounds at different rates. Adsorption is the surface retention of compounds; absorption is the penetration of compounds into the absorbing substance. Paper chromatography allows substances to be separated from one another based on their physical characteristics. The two important considerations in paper chromatography are the paper and the solvents. A small quantity of the liquid mixture to be separated is placed on a strip of paper and allowed to dry. The paper is then placed in the proper solvents, which begin to ascend the paper due to capillary action. As the solvents move up the paper, the components of the mixture on the spot move with them at different rates. Ultimately the different molecules in the mixture will distribute themselves over the length of the strip. Separation of pigments occurs due to the solubility of the pigment in the chromatography solvent and the affinity of the pigments for absorption to the paper surface. The finished product, showing separated pigments, is called a chromatogram. In this experiment, you will separate the pigments present in the leaves of green plants. CAUTION: These solvents are HIGHLY FLAMMABLE. Avoid inhaling the solvent vapors. Keep the solvent containers tightly closed. 4
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Related Questions
==--------
4. The reactants (input) for photosynthesis are
O carbon dioxide, water, sunlight
O glucose, oxygen
O glucose, sunlight
O water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
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Label the missing parts of the photosynthetic process diagram.
Answer 7-9
arrow_forward
Below is a cutaway drawing of a chloroplast. Please answer the following questions by
choosing from the Word Bank.
Grana
CO2 fixation
the
Outer Membrane
Photophosphorylation
The arrow at "A" is pointing at the
the bracket at "D" is
Thylakoids
Calvin Cycle
function performed in the "B" area is
occurs at arrow
or at arrow
The structure that receives input from "F" is
F
Stroma
The arrow at "C" is pointing at the
3
Dark Reaction
Light Reaction
Inner membrane
CK
The arrow at "B" is pointing at
The function performed at “C” and at "D" is [
The arrow at "E" is pointing at the
The structure indicated by
The
ATP is synthesized at arrow
The dark reaction
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Which of the following proteins can BEST serve as a marker to detect the presence of the chloroplast from cellular materials?
succinate dehydrogenase
RUBISCO protein for carbon fixation
ATP synthase
RNA polymerase for transcription
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Match the -troph term with the correct definition.
Each term applies to only 1 definition.
gets energy from chemical bonds
phototroph
[ Choose ]
heliotroph
phototroph
chemotroph
autotroph
heterotroph
[Choose]
gets carbon from inorganic sources
(carbon dioxide)
gets carbon from organic sources (other
organisms)
gets energy from light
(Choose]
J.
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a. Name a bacterial group that uses chlorophyll to photosynthesize.b. Describe the two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria and howthey are similar and different.
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label the chloroplast
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Differentiate the photosynthesis in cyanobacteria from other photosynthetic bacteria, e.g. green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria and purple non-sulfur bacteria by showing their balanced photosynthetic reaction.
Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria:
Photosynthesis in other bacteria:
arrow_forward
visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMNFZnDt75c
Attempt to identify the single cup-shaped chloroplast containing the eyespot for phototaxis (phototaxis: moving toward or away from light). This will be a different color than the rest of the cell. What color is it?
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. The light-sensitive, protein component of the complex which pumps hydrogen ions out of the cell when exposed to sunlight (from the halophilic archaeobacterium Halobacterium halobium) is called:
the photosynthetic reaction center
bacteriorhodopsin
retinal
cytochrome c
bacteriochlorophyll
arrow_forward
IPQLSCSHT-u2D6uPEVVJ3IEfkagMHMpyZqNdLxliF7_svVitZzgg/v
er
First & Last Name *
Makayla Roton
1. How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs?
O It adds carbon dioxide to the air
It creates food that they can eat
It eliminate harmful sugars
O It creates clean water
2. What happens during respiration?
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Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b both play roles in
photosynthesis. Using no more than one sentence to
respond for each segment, please:
1) Outline the roles/functions that chlorophyll b play
that are different from those for chlorophyll a
2) Outline the roles/functions that chlorophyll a play
that are different from those for chlorophyll b
arrow_forward
______________ require ______________ and ______________, to perform ______________.
Question 1 options:
Photoautotrophs, water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), photosynthesis
Cordatatrophs, potassium superoxide (KO2), water (H2O), chemosynthesis
Hemitrophs, iron oxide (Fe2O3), water (H2O), chemosynthesis
None of the other answers are correct.
Herterotrophs, carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), photosynthesis
Simiautotrophs, nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nucleosynthesis
arrow_forward
The mitochondrion is responsible for
photosynthesis.
true
False
arrow_forward
Complete the following passage on the comparison of photosynthesis and cellular respiration by filling in the missing words.
Despite their differences, photosynthesis and cellular respiration also share several similarities. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration use a(n) ________ and have a _________ dependent protein complex known as _______ , that catalyses synthesis of energy in the form of ATP. While mitochondrial electrons come from the oxidation of ________ , in chloroplasts electrons come from the oxidation of_________ . In photosynthesis, the ATP is predominantly used to support carbohydrate synthesis by the _________ , whereas the ATP generated by cellular respiration provides energy for a variety of cellular functions.
arrow_forward
In 10 sentences, Why is it said that photosynthesis and cellular respiration are reverse chemical processes?
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c.
The student repeated the experiment to determine how different colours of light affect the rate
of photosynthesis. The results are shown in the table below.
Light colour
No. of bubbles released in
1 minute
Red
15
Blue
16
Green
5
i) Which colour gives the lowest rate of photosynthesis? Give a reason for your answer.
ii) The level of carbon dioxide (CO:) in the water was kept at 6.0 units throughout the
experiment. What happens to the number of bubbles released in 1 minute if the level of
CO, is increased to 12.0 units? Give a reason for your answer.
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Select the correct word for each of the three boxes in the text below.
The biological process that converts organic carbon to its inorganic form is
Cellular Respiration.
organic form is Photosynthesis
and the biological process that converts inorganic carbon to its
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PHOTOSYSTEM II and the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:
d) Purpose:
e) Connection to other steps/processes:
f) Other:
arrow_forward
A student prepares a cell homogenate from spinach leaves. She performs a cell
fractionation experiment to determine the centrifugal force (g-force) that will yield the
highest percentage of chloroplasts in the pellet fraction. She splits the spinach
homogenate into 5 equal parts and centrifuges the parts for 10 min. at 500xg,
1000xg, 1500xg, 2000xg, or 2500xg. She then determines the proportion of
chloroplasts in the supernatant and pellet fractions.
The dependent variable in the student's experiment is:
O centrifugal force (x g)
O time of centrifugation
O proportion of chloroplasts in pellet
O spinach lcaves
arrow_forward
Some members of the Chlorophyta are unicellular, such as Chlamydomonas, shown here at 1000x.
Make a sketch of this organism and using your Photo Atlas or online resources, label eyespot,
chloroplast, flagellum, cell wall, nucleus. Upload your sketch here.
MacBook Pro
#
$
%
&
2
3
4
6
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Identify if the following pairs are correctly matched or not.
Prompts
P680 - Photosystem I
Chlorophyll A - blue green
Dark reaction - C3 Cycle
Light reaction - releases Oz and conversion of CO2
Visible light - less than 300 nm
arrow_forward
Can the Eukaryotic Cell (Plant) figure in the circle with all the figure's markings be drawn by hand?
Note: The drawing should look like a student drawing and not an expert drawing, please make the marking on the drawing complete and in a clear line away from mixing words
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means a sudden and dramatic increase in the growth factor for photosynthesis, such as sunlight, carbon dioxide or nutrients.
arrow_forward
Write True if the statement is correct and False change the underlined word to make it correct
1. Energy from sunlight is harvested and used to drive the synthesis of globular from CO2 and H2O
2. Calvin Cycle takes place in the thylakoid
3. Calvin Cycle uses NADPH and ATP to produce carbohydrate from the fixed carbon
4. Light dependent reaction takes place in the stroma
5. Calvin Cycle incorporates CO2 into organic molecules through carbon fixation
arrow_forward
All of the following membranes or compartments can be found in a typical eukaryotic chloroplast, with the exception of:
the outer chloroplast membrane
the stroma
the inner chloroplast membrane
the matrix
the thylakoid membrane
arrow_forward
Details
For this assignment, draw and label a chloroplast. Indicate which step of photosynthesis occurs at each place and indicate the correct order with numbers
(Use all of the following words in your labels: chloroplast, thylakoid, stroma, light dependent phase, and light independent phase.) Then write two complet
sentences describing what happens at these two locations: one sentence for the thylakoid and one sentence for the stroma, including what molecules are
used and what molecules are released.
arrow_forward
Complete the following passage on the comparison of photosynthesis and cellular respiration by filling in the missing words. (Please only answer the last 3)
Despite their differences, photosynthesis and cellular respiration also share several similarities. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration use a(n) ________ and have a _________ dependent protein complex known as _______ , that catalyses synthesis of energy in the form of ATP. While mitochondrial electrons come from the oxidation of ________ , in chloroplasts electrons come from the oxidation of_________ . In photosynthesis, the ATP is predominantly used to support carbohydrate synthesis by the _________ , whereas the ATP generated by cellular respiration provides energy for a variety of cellular functions.
arrow_forward
Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants. Which of the following
statements can be implied regarding chlorophyll?
O Chlorophyll does not absorb in the UV region.
O Chlorophyll is made up of only C- H, C- C, C- N and C-O single bonds.
O Chlorophyll uses the blue and red colors for photosynthesis.
O Chlorophyll uses the green color for photosynthesis.
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- ==-------- 4. The reactants (input) for photosynthesis are O carbon dioxide, water, sunlight O glucose, oxygen O glucose, sunlight O water, oxygen, carbon dioxidearrow_forwardLabel the missing parts of the photosynthetic process diagram. Answer 7-9arrow_forwardBelow is a cutaway drawing of a chloroplast. Please answer the following questions by choosing from the Word Bank. Grana CO2 fixation the Outer Membrane Photophosphorylation The arrow at "A" is pointing at the the bracket at "D" is Thylakoids Calvin Cycle function performed in the "B" area is occurs at arrow or at arrow The structure that receives input from "F" is F Stroma The arrow at "C" is pointing at the 3 Dark Reaction Light Reaction Inner membrane CK The arrow at "B" is pointing at The function performed at “C” and at "D" is [ The arrow at "E" is pointing at the The structure indicated by The ATP is synthesized at arrow The dark reactionarrow_forward
- Which of the following proteins can BEST serve as a marker to detect the presence of the chloroplast from cellular materials? succinate dehydrogenase RUBISCO protein for carbon fixation ATP synthase RNA polymerase for transcriptionarrow_forwardMatch the -troph term with the correct definition. Each term applies to only 1 definition. gets energy from chemical bonds phototroph [ Choose ] heliotroph phototroph chemotroph autotroph heterotroph [Choose] gets carbon from inorganic sources (carbon dioxide) gets carbon from organic sources (other organisms) gets energy from light (Choose] J.arrow_forwarda. Name a bacterial group that uses chlorophyll to photosynthesize.b. Describe the two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria and howthey are similar and different.arrow_forward
- label the chloroplastarrow_forwardDifferentiate the photosynthesis in cyanobacteria from other photosynthetic bacteria, e.g. green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria and purple non-sulfur bacteria by showing their balanced photosynthetic reaction. Photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria: Photosynthesis in other bacteria:arrow_forwardvisit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMNFZnDt75c Attempt to identify the single cup-shaped chloroplast containing the eyespot for phototaxis (phototaxis: moving toward or away from light). This will be a different color than the rest of the cell. What color is it?arrow_forward
- . The light-sensitive, protein component of the complex which pumps hydrogen ions out of the cell when exposed to sunlight (from the halophilic archaeobacterium Halobacterium halobium) is called: the photosynthetic reaction center bacteriorhodopsin retinal cytochrome c bacteriochlorophyllarrow_forwardIPQLSCSHT-u2D6uPEVVJ3IEfkagMHMpyZqNdLxliF7_svVitZzgg/v er First & Last Name * Makayla Roton 1. How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs? O It adds carbon dioxide to the air It creates food that they can eat It eliminate harmful sugars O It creates clean water 2. What happens during respiration?arrow_forwardChlorophyll a and chlorophyll b both play roles in photosynthesis. Using no more than one sentence to respond for each segment, please: 1) Outline the roles/functions that chlorophyll b play that are different from those for chlorophyll a 2) Outline the roles/functions that chlorophyll a play that are different from those for chlorophyll barrow_forward
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Recommended textbooks for you
- Essentials Health Info Management Principles/Prac...Health & NutritionISBN:9780357191651Author:BowiePublisher:Cengage
Essentials Health Info Management Principles/Prac...
Health & Nutrition
ISBN:9780357191651
Author:Bowie
Publisher:Cengage