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Review of “A Brief History of Community Economic Development.” 1 Review of “A Brief History of Community Economic Development.” Steven L. Johndrow College of Arts and Sciences, Liberty University PADM 530: Politics, Strategies, and Initiatives of Community Economic Development Dr. William Clements March 24, 2024 Author Note I have no conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning the article should be addressed to Steven L. Johndrow Email: sljohndrow@liberty.edu
Review of “A Brief History of Community Economic Development.” 2 Introduction This review will look at the article “A Brief History of Community Economic Development.” This article looks at various descriptions of Community Economic Development (CED) as well as how CED changed throughout various eras in United States history. This article is written by Dr. Rodger A. Clay and Dr. Susan R Jones. Dr. Clay serves on the advisory board for the Institute for Research in the Social Sciences at Stanford University. Dr. Clay has also served as a senior fellow at the Institute on Race and Poverty at the University of Minnesota. He holds a J.D. from University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Jones is a Professor of Clinical Law, at George Washington University Law School. Her research focuses on entrepreneurship and law, small business, and community economic development. She holds a J.D. from Antioch school of Law. Summary First Dr. Clay and Jones attempt to describe CED, but begin with the statement, there is no standard definition of CED but rather that it has been described as, “a strategy that includes a wide range of economic activities and programs for developing low-income communities.” Following this the authors attempt to discuss some of the concepts and perspectives of CED. The authors discuss that many CED projects include initiatives to fight homelessness, joblessness, and crime. Other examples discussed by Dr. Clay and Dr. Jones include CED being a local projects in which communities repair social relations and political strength. In the next part of this article Dr. Clay and Dr. Jones examine what community economic development (CED) looked like in various eras, starting with the pre-civil rights period. This civil rights period looks at the beginnings of CED with discussions between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois. The authors in this section describe that both had similar end
Review of “A Brief History of Community Economic Development.” 3 goals of economic independence and black entrepreneurship but provided different ways of achieving this. Washington was described as advocating for vocational programs, property ownership, and hard work. Du Bois was promoting college-educated leaders to lead the communities. The early civil rights era was discussed as having a focus on middle class black people while ignoring the impoverished. This inspired government social policy that served as the basis for CED, the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA), and the Community Action Program (CAP). The CAP led to the creation of education, health, housing, and social service programs. The 1980s and early 1990s were defined in the article by cuts to many social plans under the Regan and H.W. Bush administrations. Welfare and social programs such as food stamps and housing assistance were cut. Additionally, tax cuts for corporations and the wealthy created greater income disparities. Dr. Clay and Jones then discuss the Clinton administration as not improving conditions due to focuses on free trade. They describe Clinton’s policies as making it more difficult for workers to obtain a living wage job. The contemporary discussion on CED focuses on the stimulation of markets in low- income communities. This is to promote private investment in business, housing, and financial institutions. This strategy focuses on localism. Criticism of contemporary strategies are discussed as making poverty worse due to gentrification, focuses on capital inflow, and unchanging poverty structure. Critique Dr. Clay and Dr. Jones complete a very detailed description of the development of Community Economic Development programs for the early pre-civil rights era, through contemporary strategies. They use examples of programs and present both the positives and
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