water_flow
.py
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Brigham Young University, Idaho *
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Course
111
Subject
Mechanical Engineering
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
py
Pages
3
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def water_column_height(tower_height, tank_height):
h = tower_height + (3 * tank_height) / 4
return h
def pressure_gain_from_water_height(height):
P = (998.2 * 9.80665 * height) / 1000 # Pressure in kilopascals
return P
def pressure_loss_from_pipe(diameter,
length, friction_factor, velocity):
pressure_loss = (-friction_factor * length * 998.2 * velocity**2) / (2000 * diameter)
return pressure_loss
def pressure_loss_from_fittings(fluid_velocity, quantity_fittings):
"""
Calculate the pressure loss from pipe fittings.
Parameters:
fluid_velocity (float): The velocity of the water flowing through the pipe in meters per second.
quantity_fittings (int): The quantity of fittings in the pipeline.
Returns:
float: The pressure loss in kilopascals.
"""
# Calculate pressure loss
pressure_loss_fitting = (-0.04 * 998.2 * fluid_velocity**2 * quantity_fittings)
/ 2000
return pressure_loss_fitting
def reynolds_number(hydraulic_diameter, fluid_velocity):
"""
Calculate the Reynolds number for fluid flow in a pipe.
Parameters:
hydraulic_diameter (float): The hydraulic diameter of the pipe in meters.
fluid_velocity (float): The velocity of the water flowing through the pipe in meters per second.
Returns:
float: The Reynolds number, a unitless ratio of inertial and viscous forces in the fluid.
"""
# Constants
density_water = 998.2 # Density of water in kilograms per cubic meter
dynamic_viscosity = 0.0010016 # Dynamic viscosity of water in Pascal seconds
# Calculate Reynolds number
reynolds_number = (density_water * hydraulic_diameter * fluid_velocity) / dynamic_viscosity
return reynolds_number
def pressure_loss_from_pipe_reduction(larger_diameter, fluid_velocity, reynolds_number, smaller_diameter):
"""
Calculate the pressure loss due to water moving from a pipe with a large diameter into a smaller diameter pipe.
Parameters:
larger_diameter (float): The diameter of the larger pipe in meters.
fluid_velocity (float): The velocity of the water flowing through the larger diameter pipe in meters per second.
reynolds_number (float): The Reynolds number corresponding to the pipe with the
larger diameter.
smaller_diameter (float): The diameter of the smaller pipe in meters.
Returns:
float: The pressure loss in kilopascals.
"""
# Constants
density_water = 998.2 # Density of water in kilograms per cubic meter
# Calculate k constant
k = (0.1 + 50 / reynolds_number) * ((larger_diameter / smaller_diameter)**4 - 1)
# Calculate pressure loss
pressure_loss = -k * density_water * fluid_velocity**2 / 2000
return pressure_loss
PVC_SCHED80_INNER_DIAMETER = 0.28687 # (meters) 11.294 inches
PVC_SCHED80_FRICTION_FACTOR = 0.013 # (unitless)
SUPPLY_VELOCITY = 1.65 # (meters / second)
HDPE_SDR11_INNER_DIAMETER = 0.048692 # (meters) 1.917 inches
HDPE_SDR11_FRICTION_FACTOR = 0.018 # (unitless)
HOUSEHOLD_VELOCITY = 1.75 # (meters / second)
def main():
tower_height = float(input("Height of water tower (meters): "))
tank_height = float(input("Height of water tank walls (meters): "))
length1 = float(input("Length of supply pipe from tank to lot (meters): "))
quantity_angles = int(input("Number of 90° angles in supply pipe: "))
length2 = float(input("Length of pipe from supply to house (meters): "))
water_height = water_column_height(tower_height, tank_height)
pressure = pressure_gain_from_water_height(water_height)
diameter = PVC_SCHED80_INNER_DIAMETER
friction = PVC_SCHED80_FRICTION_FACTOR
velocity = SUPPLY_VELOCITY
reynolds = reynolds_number(diameter, velocity)
loss = pressure_loss_from_pipe(diameter, length1, friction, velocity)
pressure += loss
loss = pressure_loss_from_fittings(velocity, quantity_angles)
pressure += loss
loss = pressure_loss_from_pipe_reduction(diameter,
velocity, reynolds, HDPE_SDR11_INNER_DIAMETER)
pressure += loss
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• Exercise: Obtain the equivalent stiffness for the following
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n produce dryer
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=
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= 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
A gas storage cylinder in an ordinary chemical laboratory measures 3.9 cm wide and 16. cm high.
This is the label on it.
olo
Contents: N, gas
Pressure: 7.93 atm
If the cylinder is opened and the gas allowed to escape into a large empty plastic bag, what will be the final volume of nitrogen gas, including what's collected in
the plastic bag and what's left over in the cylinder? Write your answer in liters. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
?
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A::V
Gmail >
A docs.google.com
EE
Q 3: A tank filled with oil,lf the total
weight is(2 KN) and weight of tank only
is (200 N) and volume of the tank is
(190 L) , Find : Mass density ,specific
weight ,specific gravity ,specific
volume for the oil.
0.947 KN/m3,9.6534 kg/m3 ,
0.01035
m3/kg , 9.65
94.7 KN/m3 ,96.534 kg/m3 , 0.01035
m3/kg , 1.965
9.47 KN/m3 ,965.34 kg/m3 , 0.01035
m3/kg , 0.965
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U
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Course Home
llege.com/course.html?courseld=17313546&OpenVellumHMAC=1c89e19b153e443490bb4df0da3b2ded#10001
to
Review | Constants
pour unistur very unu sıyın
mm nyurve.
Fv = 390 N
Sur
Previous Answers
Mountaineers often use a rope to lower themselves
down the face of a cliff (this is called rappelling). They
do this with their body nearly horizontal and their feet
pushing against the cliff (Eigure 1). Suppose that an
78.6-kg climber, who is 1.88 m tall and has a center of
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✓ Correct
Part D
Figure
1 of 1
What minimum coefficient of static friction is needed to prevent the climber's feet from slipping on
the cliff face if he has one foot at a time against the cliff?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
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- Q8): To find how much heat is required to bring a kettle of water to its boiling point, you are asked to calculate the specific heat of water at 61°C. The specific heat of water is given as a function of time in Table below. Temperature, T Specific heat, C₂ (°C) J kg-°C 22 42 52 82 100 4181 4179 4186 4199 4217 Determine the value of the specific heat at 7=61°C using the direct T method of interpolation and a third order polynomial. Find the absolute relative approximate error for the third order polynomial approximation (Lagrange Method).arrow_forwardThe traffic volume data table below counts was taken on rural a highway during the morning peak hour at (8:00-9:00 am) on Monday of a week. Time periods (minute) 8:00-8:15 AM 8:30-9:00 AM Number of vehicles 385 790 The average time headway (sec) during 8:00-9:00 am 2.25 a) Find the traffic volume for the period from 8:15 to 8:30 am. b) Determine the hourly volume (HV), the maximum rate of flow within the hour, and the peak hour factor (PHF). c) Estimate the density and speed of traffic if an average spacing of 150 ft. d) Estimate the daily volume for Monday if the hourly expansion factor (HEF) is 22.05.arrow_forwardmechanical engineering works that can be related to algorithmarrow_forward
- Mechanical Engineering The following table shows the kinetic energy and potential energy according to the speed of an object descending along a frictionless rain surface. What is the potential energy when the speed is 3/2v ? (It satisfies energy conservation) velocity kinetic energy 1500J potential energy V 3/2 * v 2v 1. 1400 J 2. 1000 J 3. 800 J 4. 600 J Please solve step by step. Thanks in advance! 1600 Jarrow_forwardWater flow with a density of 998 kg / m3 at 70 ° C enters the system at a speed of 0.5 m / s and a 20 cm diameter pipe is pumped to a 2.5 m high reservoir with the help of a 7.5 kW pump. With the heater at the exit of the system, 1300 kW of energy is transferred to the water flow. Calculate the exit temperature of the water. (With reference to the height Z1, Z2 = 2.5 m is acceptable, ignore kinetic energy changes.) heater Pa pump and turbine P1 Ws reference plane O--arrow_forwardb) An air reciprocating compressor is working at 30°C ambient temperature and the suction pressure is measured at 750 mmHg and discharge pressure is 9 bar (absolute). Given data; Bore/stroke ratio = 1 Compressor speed = 1420 rpm FAD = 50 I/h Number of cylinder = 4 Clearance volume = 3% of swept volume %3D As an engineer, determine; a) Dimension of cylinder [mm] b) Discharge temperature [°C] c) Thermal efficiency [%] d) Power of compressor [kW] Take isentropic index, n =1.3, g 9.81m/s and density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m3 %3Darrow_forward
- The left side of this equation tells how much energy Q the cylinder gives to the water while it cools. The right side of this equation tells how much energy Q the water and aluminum cup absorb from the cylinder to warm up. Because it is the same energy, they are equal. What is known in this equation? Mcyl 411.7 g, malum 46.5 g, malum+water = 175 g Can you find: mwater =? g Twater = Talum = 20°C (water and cup of room temperature) 90°C, T; = 35°C (hot cylinder and cool "cylinder+cup+water" temperatures) Tcyl kCal Calum = 0.22, Cwater 1 (specific heat of water and aluminum, measured in units kg-°C What are we looking for is Ccul - How we find it? Plug all the numbers into the equation (1), Ccul will be one unknown which you can calculate from the equation. Important, convert all the masses from grams to kilograms! After you find Ccyl, compare it to known value for the copper 0.093(our cylinder is made out of copper). |Ceyl -0.093| % : · 100% 0.093arrow_forwardReturn to Required information Sometimes equations can be developed and practical problems solved by knowing nothing more than the dimensions of the key parameters. For example, consider the heat loss through a window in a building. Window efficiency is rated in terms of R value, which has the unit of ft2-hr-F/Btu. A certain manufacturer offers a double-pane window with R=2.5 and also a triple-pane window with R=3.4. Both windows are 3.5 ft by 5 ft. On a given winter day, the temperature difference between the inside and outside is 45°F. Assume that a homeowner buys 20 such triple-pane windows for the house. A typical winter equals about 120 heating days at AT = 45°F. Each triple-pane window costs $85 more than a double-pane window. Ignoring interest and inflation, how many years will it take the homeowner to make up the additional cost of the triple-pane windows from heating bill savings? 9.5 years S MacBook Air !arrow_forwardsample calculations 目 File Edit View Insert Format Data To 100% $ % .0 .00 12: fx | A 1 Variable Value Units diameter height m 4 volume m^3 3 The image above shows a section of a Google sheet. What formula should be written in cell B4 to calculate the volume of a cylinder with a diameter value in B2 and height in B3? a) =0.25*PI()*B2^2 * B3 b) =PI()*B2^2 * B3 c) =pi*diameter^2 * height d) =PI*B2^2 * B3 3 5arrow_forward
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