A biotechnology company discovers a bacterium isolated from waste industry that produces protease that can operate at high pH. Such protease is useful in making heavy duty detergent that has high pH catalytic condition. Thus, the company decided to produce the protease at large scale using bioreactors. a) Discuss how this is possible when the bacterium is difficult to grow and produce the protease at low level. Suggest any means to overcome these difficulties. b) Suggest what type of bioreactor and mode of culture that is suitable for the production of protease at large scale. Justify your answer.
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- Aeroderma pigmentosum patients have a 10,000-fold increase in the risk of developing Skin cancer. These patients have to avoid exposure to UV light. Please explain why. To answer the question please: I) name the process that is affected and provide a scheme; 2) indicate template, substrates, sources of energy that are involved in the process; 3) propose the consequences of the process.The protease used in this procedure functions best at 50°C. Would you expect this enzyme to be isolated from Escherichia coli bacteria? Explain your answer. Hint: Where does E. coli live?The results of Figure 2 highlights the antibacterial activity of cacay oil. Since the method involves adding cacay oil to a "broth" medium, it can be inferred that cacay oil is hydrophilic. Agree or Not?
- Sydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth responses shown in the following table were obtained. Mutant Minimal medium Anthranilic acid Indole glycerol phosphate Indole Tryptophan trp-1 − − − − + trp-2 − − + + + trp-3 − − − + + trp-4 − − + + + trp-6 − − − − + trp-7 − − − − + trp-8 − + − − + trp-9 − − − − + trp-10 − − − − + trp-11 − − − − + Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations.Why does penicillin purification use a centrifugal extractor?in isolating ribosomes from a yield sample, describe the ideal type of centrifugation for this separation technique based on the following:*Main type of centrifuge *Subtype centrifuge * Speed range *Operational temperature range*Type of Centrifugation
- Sydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth responses shown in the following table were obtained. Mutant Minimal medium Anthranilic Indole glycerol acid Indole Tryptoph phosphate trp-1 trp-2 trp-3 trp-4 trp-6 trp-7 trp-8 trp-9 trp-10 trp-11 - Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations. + 1 + 1 IIFor the study of alanine production by a recombinant strain of E. coli, cultivation was carried out in a benchtop bioreactor with 4.5 L of culture medium, using glucose as a limiting substrate. During the cultivation, there was no lag phase and the cells showed exponential growth for 5 hours. The following table presents the results of the analysis of ammonia and glucose consumption, and alanine accumulation throughout the cultivation. Knowing that 500 mL of a cell suspension at a concentration of 5.0 g/L (inoculum) was added to the 4.5 L of medium in the reactor and that the YX/NH3 previously determined was 7.5, calculate:a) the maximum specific growth rateb) YX/S and YP/S yield factorsc) How long would it take to reach Cx = 30 g/L if the cells continued with the exponential growth profile until the end of the culture (without nutrient deprivation or any type of inhibition)?d) Describe how the mathematical treatment of the data should be done to determine the type of product formation…1.). a.) What particular pathways or enzymes appear distinct for sulfate reducing bacteria in order to harness energy (create ATP)? b.) What interesting structures or unique characteristics allowed sulfate reducing bacteria to solve physical and/or chemical challenges/problems in conserving energy?
- ). Consider a culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus colonies can grow due to an elevated NaCl level. A yellow halo surrounds the growth, indicating the bacterium fermented sugar in the medium, decreasing the pH as a result and changing the color of a pH indicator chemical. This type of medium would be referred to as a(n): A) Selective medium. B) Differential medium. C) Enrichment culture. D) Selective and differential medium. E) Differential and enrichment culture.Your colleague handed you a novel strain of coli that is purifying a protein with a 6xHisTag; they claim it is superior to the TOP10 cells you have been using. But even with a larger culture size, you discover that your protein yield—using the same Ni-NTA column—is quite low. You discover that the novel strain of Escherichia coli generates an unusually high quantity of dicarboxylic acids, a byproduct of the citric acid cycle that is recognized for its ability to function as an all-purpose metal chelator. What do you think the issue is with purifying IMAC protein with this new strain of E. coli?A genetically modified bacterium was cultivated to produce 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), and the following yields were obtained: YX/S = 0.106 gX/gS and YP/S = 0.28 gP/gS. Knowing that the culture medium was formulated with glucose, ammonia and some mineral salts, and the cultivation was carried out under aerobic conditions, answer:a) What is the oxygen demand in this process?b) What is the maximum theoretical yield of 1,3-PDO in this process?c) Projecting the scale-up, what cell concentration must be reached to obtain 10 kg of 1,3-PDO in a batch reactor with 1 m3 of culture?