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- Some Type-II immunopathology mediated autoimmune diseases have manifestations inmultiple different organs. Discuss how antibodies to one single antigen can cause damage inmultiple sites throughout the body. Things you might discuss include, but are not limited towhere the antigen could be expressed, how antibodies are made, how they bind antigen,where they circulate, the ratios of antigen to antibody, mechanisms of the immune systemthat result in cellular/tissue damage, or how immune system components can affect otherorgans. You might also comment on what makes one antigen an attractive target rather thananother. Please do NOT comment on all the things listed above, they are just to get youthinking. If you are having trouble getting started, it might help to think about a specificdisease which affects multiple organs.A patient develops a blood infection with a capsule-producing strain of E. coli. Phagocytosis by macrophage will be essential to destroy the bacteria and resolve the infection. Which of the following will be dirertly required to allow ADCC-opsonization of the encapsulated E. coli: O Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha O Release of C3a to the extracellular fluids O Presence of MHC II on the surface of the macrophage O Presence of IgG receptors (Fc-gamma-R) on the macrophage All of the answers applyEmil has fallen and scratched a wound on his knee. After a while, the knee swells and aches at the same time as it was pushing out of the wound. One week later, the wound has healed and the swelling is gone. Explain what happens in the comic strip below, from Figure 1-6. The following words should be used in the descriptive text; phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors, pathogen associated molecular patterns, antigen presenting cell, migration, neutrophil, antigen, antibody, opsonization, MAC complex, mechanical barrier, microorganism, lymphatic vessel, memory T cell, helper T cell, B cell, memory B-cell, blood vessel, cardinal sign, lymph node, MHC, T-cell receptor, cell clone, complement, specificity, dendritic cell, macrophage, opsonin, plas
- Complement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and dWhich of the following leads to the redness of inflammation? increased vascular permeability anaphylactic shock increased blood flow complement activationThe Complement System Kills Microorganisms The complement system supplements the inflammatory response by directly killing microorganisms. Describe the life cycle of complement proteins, from their synthesis in the liver to their activity at the site of an infection.
- Which of the following cells would be most active in early, anti vital immune responses the first time one is exposed to pathogen? macrophage Tcell neutrophil natural killer cellDiscuss the process an antigen presenting phagocyte [macrophages and dendritic cells] uses toidentify and move a target into the cell and its lysosomes – phagocytosis. Make sure you discussthe opsonins and their receptors.L T cells and B cells exhibit certain similarities and differences. Check () the appropriate spaces in the table below to indicate the lymphocyte type that exhibits eachcharacteristic. Characteristi cell cell Originates in bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts Progeny are plasma cells Progeny include suppressors, helpers, and killer cells Progeny include memory cells Is responsible for directly attacking foreign cells or virus-infected cells Produce antibodies that are released to body fluids Bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen Forms clones upon stimulation Accounts for most of the lymphocytes in the circulation
- Circulation in blood Immunocompetent, but still naive, lymphocyte migrates via blood A B C D E B D Immature lymphocytes D B [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ] [Choose ]Which activities by knocking out the following genes: Formation of classical pathway C3 convertase Formation of alternative pathway C3 convertase Formation of classical pathway C5 convertase Formation of lectin pathway C3 convertase C3b-mediated opsonization Neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammation Cell lysis will be inhibited C1q Complement component knocked out C5 C3 Factor B C4 C9 MASP-2cella which wnsuld trigger If an antigen piesenting cel is presenting antigens fram an extracellular colonizer. you would expect to see more development of Oa Tu1 cel-mediated OET1 humoral Oc T2, humcral Od. T2, colmediated QUESTION 27 Which type of vaccine typically ptaduces the longest immunity sgainist a toxin? Oa toxoid Ob attenuated OG subunit Od.conjugated QUESTION 28 Which of the following is NOT a job far a TH1 cell? O a. Stimulate cytotaxic T cells Ob Simu ate natural killer cells to kill more effectively. Oc. StimulateB cell activation Od. Stimulate macrophages and neutrophits to mare effective at killing intracellutar pathogenn