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The hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the
regulation of plasma glucose.
b) People with Type II diabetes mellitus can manage their condition
(maintain adequate glycaemic control) through use of oral
hypoglycaemic drugs. Provide a rationale for how two
hypoglycaemic drugs, with different mechanisms of action, can
both work to lower blood glucose levels in Type II diabetes.
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- List 2 metabolic characteristics of type 1 diabetes and explain how they are linked to insulin deficiency.Discuss the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and explain the reasons for the sign/symptoms seen in diabetes. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Type 1 - causes ,incidence Type 2 - cause, incidence Lack of insulin to blood glucose levels rise ( hyperglycaemia e.g. 20mmol/or more); glucose can not move into cells to provide energy for metabolic reactions. Link to symptoms, e.g. tiredness, hunger. Glucose excreted in urine ( exceeds renal threshold). Link to polyuria,thirst,dehydration - protein broken down to form more glucose (gluconeogenesis): provides energy to cells. -Link Fats broken down to FFA and glycerol for glucose production (gluconeogenesis). Link to weight loss. Link excess ketone bodies formed from fat break down to ketoacidosis. Link to ketone in urine (ketonuria), vomiting, coma.Discuss the relationship between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. What dietary measures can be taken to decrease the risks associated with the two disease processes in a patient who has been diagnosed with both?
- What are the two types of diabetes mellitus? Describe in detail the pathophysiology (how the disease develops) on individuals. Why is this condition considered a major metabolic disorder?Which of the following best describes the role of the hexosamine pathway in the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus? Question 79 options: a) It involves irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which damages components of the microcirculation leading to retinopathy, etc. b) It promotes the O-linked glycosylation of proteins and transcription factors, resulting in altered gene expression contributing to insulin resistance & cardiovascular complications c) It promotes the synthesis of DAG which increases pro-inflammatory gene expression and endothelial ET-1 production resulting in blood flow abnormalities d) It leads to intracellular accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol and fructose which damages Schwann cells, erythrocytes and the lens of the eyeWhat are the common causes of hypoglycemia in diabetes? Explain in detail.
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding the general use of alcohol in diabetes? Question 60 options: a) Alcohol should be limited to 2 or fewer servings per day b) Clients can use alcohol in unlimited quantities unless they are pregnant c) A serving of alcohol is considered part of the carbohydrate allowance d) Alcohol contributes to hypoglycemia and should be avoided completelyBriefly discuss the essence of molecular mechanisms of Diabetes Type I and how Type I is different from Type II.The chronic complications associated with all types of diabetes result from which of the following? Question 40 options: a) Weight gain and hypertension b) Altered kidney function c) Damage to blood vessels and nerves d) Infections that deplete nutrient reserves
- Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is probably related in part to: a) Decreased advanced glycation end products b) Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells resulting in no insulin secretion c) Decreased beta cell mass d) Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretionDescribe the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Which of the following is true about the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia? Question 62 options: a) Glucagon decreases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver b) Autonomic symptoms are caused by increased levels of glucagon which then stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis c) Beta cells suppress insulin secretion at a plasma glucose level of 3 mmol/L d) Abrupt cessation of glucose delivery to the brain results in confusion, drowsiness, vision changes, and headache