chapter 3

1. Describe the concept of natural selection and how it relates to ethology , as covered in the Chapter 3 Guided Notes. The evolutionary viewpoint, as expresses in ethology, is that humans are born with several adaptive attributes that have evolved through natural selection. 2. Explain Vygotsky’s 3 main beliefs about the social elements of human development and 3 main beliefs about the cultural elements of human development, as covered in the Chapter 3 Guided Notes. Vygotsky's beliefs about the social elements of human development is based on three key ideas: social interaction is crucial to learning, language is a crucial instrument for learning, and learning takes place in the Zone of Proximal Development. Three key ideas about cognitive development were stated by Vygotsky: culture influences learning, language is the source of culture, and people grow and learn in accordance with their roles in the community. 3. Explain the difference between a genotype and a phenotype , as covered in the Chapter 3 Guided Notes. A genotype is inherited genes whereas a phenotype is the observable expression of genes. 4. Describe shared environmental influences and nonshared environmental influences among siblings, as covered in the Chapter 3 Guided Notes. Shared environmental influences are environmental factors or influences that are shared by members of a family that should make those individuals similar to each other. Environmental factors or influences that are not shared by family members and thus are unique to an individual. 5. Describe an evocative genotype/environment correlation versus an active genotype/environment correlation , as covered in the Chapter 3 Guided Notes. Evocative genotype/ environment correlations influence other’s behaviors towards us and the active genotype/environment correlation is the environments that we seek out that are the most compatible with our genetic predispositions.