Renal Physiology (humans) a) When blood pressure declines, granular cells produce renin, an enzyme that enters the circulatory system and cleaves angiotensinogen. b) Aldosterone acts on cells of the collecting duct to cause both sodium reabsorption into blood and potassium secretion into urine. c) The production of excess aldosterone by an adrenal tumor would indirectly lead to the hyperpolarization of excitable cardiac cells. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
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a) When blood pressure declines, granular cells produce renin, an enzyme that enters the circulatory system and cleaves angiotensinogen. |
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b) Aldosterone acts on cells of the collecting duct to cause both sodium reabsorption into blood and potassium secretion into urine.
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c) The production of excess aldosterone by an adrenal tumor would indirectly lead to the hyperpolarization of excitable cardiac cells. |
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d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect
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e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
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- 50. During an in vitro experiment studying aldosterone secretion, an isolated adrenal gland is perfused with various concentrations of potassium and angiotensin II. Which of the following combinations of potassium and angiotensin II will cause the greatest increase in aldosterone secretion? Angiotensin II A) B) C) D) E) F) G) 1) Potassium Increased Increased Increased Normal Normal Normal Decreased Decreased Decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreasedA. Maintenance of fluid balance is important for the survival of humans. How does antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone contributes to the maintenance of fluid balance?(ii) High blood pressure can result from increased sodium concentration of plasma. What is the main hormone involved in regulation of sodium and how does it affect the sodium content of blood?(iii) Compare intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid in terms of their chemical composition of proteins, sodium and potassium.(b) Explain the morphological changes that will occur and the driving force when red blood cells are place in (i) 2.0 % sodium chloride solution (ii) 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (iii) 0.01 % sodium chloride solution 1. What are the 4 causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage? 2. State the factors involved in congenital berry or saccular aneurysm 3. Mention 5 specific brain tumors that you know. 4. What is dura mater, arachnoid matter and pia matter? 5. What is meningioma 6. What is acute subdural hematoma 7.…Hypokalemia can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. What is the underlying cause of hypokalemia in DKA and HHNKS? Question 9 options: a) Osmotic diuresis b) Prior deficit from poor nutrition c) Shift of potassium back into cell due to fluid rehydration d) Shift of potassium out of the cell due to correction of metabolic acidosis
- 5. During an in vitro experiment studying aldosterone secretion, an isolated adrenal gland is perfused with various concentrations of potassium and angiotensin II Which of the following combinations of potassium and angiotensin II will cause the greatest increase in aldosterone secretion? Angiotensin II Potassium Increased Increased Increased Normal Normal Normal Decreased Decreased OA) OB) OC) D) DE) QF) G) H) ) Decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreased50. During an in vitro experiment studying aldosterone secretion, an isolated adrenal gland is perfused with various concentrations of potassium and angiotensin II. Which of the following combinations of potassium and angiotensin II will cause the greatest increase in aldosterone secretion? Angiotensin II Į ( A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) 1) Potassium Increased Increased Increased Normal Normal Normal Decreased Decreased Decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreased increased unchanged decreased20.) Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that cells of kidney tubules. a.) inhibits b.) stimulates synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principal
- (45) A 72 year old man is brought to the emergency department following a myocardial infarction. He dies in cardiogenic shock 12 hours later. Histologic examination of renal tissues obtained at autopsy shows swollen, pale tubular epithelial cells with normal appearing nuclear. Which of the following processes most likely caused these changes? (A) Decreased intracellular protein concentration (B) Exhaustion of intracellular glucose (C) Inadequate intracellular synthesis of ATP (D) Increased membrane permeability of water (E) Opening of Na+ channels in the plasma membranes1. There is a medical condition called Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH) secretion, which can occur as a result of head trauma. Patients with this condition retain water and present with a volume imbalance. A) Name the type of volume imbalance and accompanying direction of changes in ICF and ECF volumes and osmolality. B) Calculate the changes in osmolality and volumes of extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments if 3 liters of water are retained by a patient with SIADH. You can assume that the patient’s initial volumes were ECF=14 L, ICF=28 L. And his initial body osmolality = 290 mOsM. Remember that the total solute in the ICF compartment is kept in place by the cell membrane barrier.42. An investigator is conducting a clinical study of the effects of ADH (vasopressin) on whole body fluid balance. The plan is to produce increased circulating concentrations of ADH. Following a 5% change from baseline, which of the following will be the most effective physiologic stimulus for increasing ADH secretion in this study? A) Decrease in blood pressure B) Decrease in blood volume C) Increase in serum osmolality D) Increase in fluid intake E) Increase in hematocrit
- One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart failure are thiazide-type diuretics. These drugs inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by inhibiting the transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A) What does it mean to inhibit the transport of sodium ions in the loop of Henle? B) Explain how this inhibition of sodium ions in the loop of Henle could help increase urine production.a)Name the two factors that trigger the release of ADH (vasopressin). b) What happens to plasma osmolarity when there is excessive water loss through sweating and it is not replaced? c) Describe the renal regulation of potassium, where is K+, what is the hormone that is responsible for the secretion of K+, the name of the cells, and the location in the nephron where the fine-tuning of K+ occurs.During a state of low blood volume and decreased extracellular sodium level (as in cardiac failure), which one of the following occurs? 1) B. Aldosterone is produced by the kidneys, leading to the release of renin, which increases kidney reabsorption of sodium. 2) D. Antidiuretic hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates the production of aldosterone by the adrenal gland, which increases reabsorption of sodium and water retention. 3) A. Renin is produced by the kidneys and is converted to angiotensin, which induces the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal gland, which in turn increases reabsorption of sodium and retention of water. 4) C. Renin is produced by the adrenal glands, leading to vasoconstriction and production of antidiuretic hormone by the pituitary gland, which increases fluid volume by causing water retention. no references, just homework