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- Understanding the Mechanisms of Reactions Related to Transketolase The mechanistic chemistry of the acetolactate synthase and phosphoketolase reactions (shown here) is similar to that of the transketolase reaction (Figure 22.30). Write suitable mechanisms for these reactions.The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)Understanding Enzyme Mechanisms Related to Pyruvate Carboxylase Based on the mechanism for pyruvate carboxylase (Figure 22.3), write reasonable mechanisms for the reactions that follow:
- Distinguishing the Mechanisms of Class I and Class I Aldolases Fructose bisphosphate aldolase in animal muscle is a class 1 aldolase, which forms a Schiff base intermediate between substrate (for example. fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and a lysine at the active site (see Figure I8.12). The chemical evidence for this intermediate conies from studies with aldolase and the reducing agent sodium borohydride, NaBH4. Incubation of the enzyme with dihydroxyacetone phosphate and NaBH4 inactivates the enzyme. Interestingly, no inactivation is observed if NabH4 is added to the enzyme in the absence of substrate. Write a mechanism that explains these observations and provides evidence for the formation of a Schiff base intermediate in the aldolase reaction.Energetics of the Hexokinase Reaction The standard-state free energy change. Gfor the hexokinase reaction, is — 1 6.7 kJ/mol. Use the values in Table I to calculate the value of Gfor this reaction in the erythrocyte at 37°C.The Effect of lodoacetic Acid on the Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase Reaction (Integrates with Chapters 4 and 14.) How might iodoacetic acid affect the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction in glycolysis? Justify your answer.
- The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.dtermoine numberof ATPS GENERATED FROM COMPLETE oxidation of fructose-6-phosphate isocitrate stearidonic acid [18 carbons triangle 6,9,12,15] indicate where everything comes from ex ATPS FROM GLYCOLYSIS , NADH FROM TCA ETC LIST ALLCompare and contrast Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOutline the mechanisms of both enzymes. Discuss the functions of the coenzymes. List the similarities and the differences between the 2 enzymes. Both are very large membrane bound complexes. What are the advantages of this strategy?Do a bit or research on the structure one of these enzymes. (include one recent reference) – How detailed is the enzyme structure known? What insight(s) does this structural detail give you about the enzyme mechanism.
- Normally, the flow of electrons to O2 is tightlylinked to the production of ATP via the electrochemicalgradient. If ATP synthase is inhibited, for example, elec-trons do not flow down the electron-transport chain andrespiration ceases. Since the 1940s, several substances—such as 2,4-dinitrophenol—have been known to uncou-ple electron flow from ATP synthesis. Dinitrophenol wasonce prescribed as a diet drug to aid in weight loss. Howwould an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation pro-mote weight loss? Why do you suppose dinitrophenol isno longer prescribed?Cyanide causes an irreversible inhibition of electron transport that prevents ATP synthesis, whereas the inhibitoryeffect of small amounts of dinitrophenol on ATP synthesisis reversible. Explain the difference.ATP ADF R D Match the structure given with the name. Acetyl coenzyme A pyruvate Complex V of the electron transport - oxidative phosphorylation pathway. ATP Synthase Mitochondrion FAD COA not shown D с B A