Suppose there are only two consumers in the market for a public good. The figure to the right shows marginal benefit lines for a public good for the two individuals, Andrew (A) and Brenda (B). Use the line drawing tool to draw and label the social marginal benefit line. Make sure that the line extends from quantity level 0 to 10 as the private marginal benefit lines do. Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required object. Marginal Benefit, Marginal Cost ($) 20 18- 16- 14 12- 10- 0 MC MBA MBB 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of a Public Good Q Q
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- Draw the following situations as a graph format: 1. The graph will have the price (P) on the y-axis and quantity (Q) on the x-axis. The demand or marginal private benefit curve (PMB) will be the same as the social marginal benefit (SMB) curve and it is sloping downwards. The PMC will be lower than the SMC and upward sloping. The social optimal is where SMC and PMB meet and at this point, the P is higher and Q is lower than the P where PMC and PMB meet. Since there is no restriction, the firm produces where PMC and PMB meet. 2. The graph will have the price (P) on the y-axis and quantity (Q) on the x-axis. The Deadweight Loss (DWL) is captured by the triangular area whose height is the gap between the social output and the firm’s output and base is the external cost (point on SMC where the firm is producing minus the point where PMC=demand).Suppose there are two residents in a neighborhood, and you know both of their demand curves for a public good. What would you have to do in order to figure out what the social demand curve? a-Subtract the demand of the person with the higher valuation of the public good from the demand of the person with the lower valuation of the public good b-Add their demand curves together c-Multiply the two demand curves together d-Subtract the demand of the person with the lower valuation of the public good from the demand of the person with the higher valuation of the public goodi)A public good a )costs essentially nothing to produce and is thus provided by the government at a zero price. b)can never be provided by a nongovernmental organization. c) can't be provided to one person without making it available to others as well. d)generally results in substantial negative externalities. ii)The market demand curve for a public good a) shows the total value that all individuals place on each additional unit of the good. b) is derived in the same manner as demand curves for private goods. c)is derived by horizontally summing all individual demand curves. d)shows the total number of units that would be produced by the public sector at each possible price. iii)The market demand curve for a public good a) shows the total value that all individuals place on each additional unit of the good. b)is derived in the same manner as demand curves for private goods. c) is derived by horizontally summing all individual demand curves. d)shows the total number of units…
- A local government is considering building new public hiking trails in town.Suppose that the trails are public goods. There are two types of people in a smalltown economy, 1000 avid hikers and 1000 non-hikers, who have typical individualmarginal benefit curves: MB_H = 350 − 5Q and MB_N = 240 − 6Q for the hikersand the non-hikers respectively, where Q is the miles of trails. On the same graph,draw the marginal benefit curves for each type of person and MB of the overalleconomy. If the marginal cost providing this public good is $27000 per mile whatis the optimal level of the public good?Below is the the market demand curve for reusable water bottles when only the marginal private benefits (MPB) that the owners of reusable water bottles receive are taken into account. Let's say that the government issued vouchers that ensured the reusable water bottle buyers received $10 per bottle. Assume that this will shift the demand curve to the marginal social benefit level (MSB). Move the demand curve to show this change and reposition the Social Equilibrium point to reflect the socially optimal price and quantity. Provide your answer below: 35 32.5 30 27.5 S (MPC)_ 25 22.5 Sacial Equilibrium (100,20) Market Equilibrium (100,20) 20 17.5 15 12:5 10 MPB 7.5 -5 2.5 175 200 Quantity -25 25 50 75 100 125 150 --2:5 -5 PriceSuppose there are two residents in a neighborhood, and you know both of their demand curves for a public good. What would you have to do in order to figure out what the social demand curve? A.Multiply the two demand curves together B.Add their demand curves together C.Subtract the demand of the person with the lower valuation of the public good from the demand of the person with the higher valuation of the public good D.Subtract the demand of the person with the higher valuation of the public good from the demand of the person with the lower valuation of the public good
- There are two people. Each person's demand for a public good is P = 20 - Q. The marginal cost of providing the public good is given by MC2 = $12 (MC is not $24). The above graph summarizes the relevant information. The total demand for the two workers shown above is the vertical sum of the demand curve for each worker.(a) What is the socially efficient quantity of the public good?(b) How much will each person have to pay per unit to provide the socially efficient quantity?(c) What is the consumer surplus for each person based on the quantity determined in (a) and the price determined in (b)?(d) Given that this is a public good, if either one of the two people does not pay the price you have stated in (b), can they be prevented from consuming the good?The figure below shows the market for driver education programs. The market demand curve for driver education reflects only the marginal private benefit (MPB) that individual drivers receive from the programs. Since this is a market with positive externalities, suppose the government provides a subsidy for driver education programs that is equal to the marginal social benefit (MSB) minus the marginal private benefit (MPB), in this case, $20 per driver. With the subsidy, the demand curve will shift and become the same as the marginal social benefit (MSB) curve. Move the demand curve below to illustrate this shift. Be sure to take the exact size of the subsidy into account. Precise answers are required. Also, make sure to position the point Social equilibrium correctly. Provide your answer below: 65 S (MPC) -50- -45 -40 35 30 Market Equilibrium (150,30) Social Equilibrium (150 30) 25 20- 15- 10- -5 D(MPB) -50 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 -5 Quantity of driver education programs…Consider the market illustrated in the figure to the right. Supply curve S, represents the private cost of production and demand curve D₁ represents the private benefit from consumption. Suppose the consumption of this good creates a positive externality. In turn, the social benefit from consumption is represented by demand curve D₂. Show how the externality affects market efficiency. Use the triangle drawing tool to shade in the new economic surplus (New surplus) or the deadweight loss (Deadweight loss) created by the positive externality. Properly label this shaded area. Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required objects. Price Quantity S₁ D₁ D₂ Q
- Use the graph attached below as a starting point (either download it or print it out). Add curves, labels, etc. to this graph in order to show the following: 1. Show that this good has a $4/unit negative externality (external cost), such as pollution. 2. Shade the area that represents the Deadweight Loss (lost gains from trade) caused by the external cost. 3. Show a tax or subsidy wedge (whichever you think is appropriate) that will solve the problem of the external cost. 4. Show the socially optimal level of production that the Pigouvian tax or subsidy above will help the market to achieve. You may use software or pencil and paper to complete this graph. Upload it here when you are done.The demand curve for a public park for two consumers who represent society is given by: P = 150 - QD1, P = 250 - QD2 Graph the two demand curves and show the marginal social benefit curve for this public park. If the marginal cost of providing the park was €240, what would the optimum provision of this park be? Explain why any quantity above or below this amount would represent a less than efficient allocation.(a) Alpha, Beta and Gamma are consumers of a public good. The marginal benefit ($) of each unit of the public good is given by the following table. Public Good Alpha Beta Gamma 1st unit 8 10 12 2nd unit 4 8 3 3rd unit 2 5 0 4th unit 1 5 0 Suppose each unit of the public good costs $15. How many units of the public good would be optimal? Explain. (b) If the public good becomes a private good and the price drops to $8. The marginal benefits are the same as that given in (a). How many units of the private good would be purchased? Explain.