(a) Interpretation: All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted. Concept introduction: Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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(a) Draw all valid resonance contributors for this iIon. Show how the electrons can be moved using curved arrOWs. (b) Draw the resonance hybrid.

The curved arrow notation introduced in Section 1.6 is a powerful method used by organic chemists to show the movement of electrons not only in resonance structures, but also in chemical reactions. Since each curved arrow shows the movement of two electrons, following the curved arrows illustrates what bonds are broken and formed in a reaction. Consider the following three-step process. (a) Add curved arrows in Step [1] to show the movement of electrons. (b) Use the curved arrows drawn in Step [2] to identify the structure of X. X is converted in Step [3] to phenol and HCl.

The curved arrow notation introduced in Section 1.6B is a powerful method used by organic chemists to show the movement of electrons not only in resonance structures, but also in chemical reactions.Because each curved arrow shows the movement of two electrons, following the curved arrows illustrates what bonds are broken and formed in a reaction. Consider the following three-step process. (a) Add curved arrows in Step [1] to show the movement of electrons. (b) Use the curved arrows drawn in Step [2] to identify the structure of X. X is converted in Step [3] to phenol and HCl.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

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Answer 5

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Answer 7

Chapter 1, Problem 1.80P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

All valid resonance contributors for the given ion are to be drawn using curved arrows to indicate which pairs of electrons are being shifted.

Concept introduction:

Resonance structure exists in species for which there are two or more valid Lewis structures. Resonance structures are imaginary; true species is represented by the resonance hybrid. Resonance structures differ only in the placement of their valence electrons, not their atoms. For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” Resonance structures are drawn using curved arrows. The arrow points to the center of an existing bond to represent the formation of a new double/triple bond. A resonance structure can be drawn if a lone pair of electrons on an atom is adjacent with multiple bonds or an incomplete octet on an atom is adjacent to multiple bonds or there is a ring of alternating single and double bonds.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Resonance hybrid for the given anion is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

For a species, each valid Lewis structure is called a “resonance structure” or a “resonance contributor.” A resonance hybrid is a weighted average of all resonance contributors. A partial bond is represented in a resonance hybrid by a dashed line connecting the two atoms.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.1P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.2P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.3P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.4P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.5P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.6P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.7P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.8P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.9P Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.10P

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