1. Briefly outline the components of the CRISPR/Cas system  2. What is the function of the CRISPR/Cas system? 3. What do you think about the ethical impacts of a technology such as CRISPR?  4. What is the main parameter that is used to define new virus families among archaeal viruses? 5.List and outline that various stages through which bacteria and archaea fight back against infection with viruses.

Q: 4. Complete the table below. CONJUGATION TRANSFORMATION TRANSDUCTION DEFINITION…

A: Conjugation, transformation and transduction all are the methods of the viral and bacterial…

Q: explain three stages below on how bacteria and archaea fight back against infectious viruses:…

A: Bacteria and archaea have evolved their defense and regulating mechanisms to survive under various…

Q: 77) the DDRP : a. This enzyme is found in negative sense RNA virus b. This enzyme is found in…

A: * DDRP is the DNA dependent RNA polymerase Enzyme. * It's main function is that it can catalyse RNA…

Q: 105) The Baltimore classification a. There were 4 classes for DNA families b. There were 6 classes…

A: Baltimore classification: It is based on the fact that the virus synthesizes mRNA for further…

Q: What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? O A. It converts host cell RNA into…

A: Retroviruses are positive sense single stranded RNA viruses which replicate inside the host cells.…

Q: 32. The Genome of Hepatitis B virus contains: A. 02 gene 8. 02 genes C 03 genes D.04 genes E 05…

A: Hepatitis B virus is a virus having DNA as genetic material. The genome is double-stranded DNA and…

Q: Although many +ssRNA viruses use their genomr directly as mRNA retroviruses do not. instead their…

A: Retroviruses have a very unique mechanism . They are single stranded RNA viruses, instead of using…

Q: 2. You sequence the integrase protein region of two HIV viruses to investigate their differences.…

A: dS and dN values are the rate of synonymous and non-synonymous substitution, respectively. dN =…

Q: Diagram the life cycle for a virus that uses an RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase.

A: Reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme that…

Q: Discuss the properties of emerging viruses. What are the challengesassociated with combating them?

A: Viruses are infectious biological agents that are alive only when they are present inside the cell…

Q: 32. The CRISPR-Cas system helps some prokaryotes defend against the phage! Which of the following…

A: CRISPER stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats the enzyme used is…

Q: RNA viruses often undergo rapid evolution. What aspects of their biology contribute to their high…

A: Viruses are small, acellular, infectious agents that can infect all kinds of living organisms. Some…

Q: 73) Provirus is a term to describe a. The empty capsid without the genome in case of viruses with…

A: Provirus is the viral form that is integrated into the host cell DNA and replicate to transmit them…

Q: A virophage is best descirbed as:(a) A bacteriophage that requires a helper virus(b) An animal virus…

A: Viruses are obligate parasites. They are non cellular entities which have their RNA (ribonucleic…

Q: 8) Label each method of mixing genetic material as belonging to dsDNA viruses, retroviruses, SARS…

A: Genetic recombination is a process of cleaving and recombining genetic material between two…

Q: 3. We could use the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt any gene, but this lab focuses on the lacz gene…

A: The CRISPR is a type of short palindromic sequence of DNA found in prokaryotic organisms.  These are…

Q: What are the types of in vitro virus cultivation systems (Choose all that applies)  A. Animal cell…

A: In vitro culture refers to the process of cultivating cells that are derived from the organism in a…

Q: 91) The NDV virus a. The mesogenic ND is less virulent than lentogenic than NDV b. The antigenomic…

A: NDV virus (Newcastle disease virus) :-

Q: 3. (a). Illustrate and describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles for the production of viruses. (b).…

A: Introduction :  A prokaryotic organism with only one cell is a bacteria. They lack a nucleus and…

Q: Should animals be utilized in viral pathogenesis research? Why or why not?  Need at least a full…

A:

Q: In tabular from, compare and contrast the RNAs present in viruses, in prokaryotuc and in…

A: A virus is an infectious agent that replicates inside the living cells of an organism. Bacteria are…

Q: .What is RT-PCR? 2.What is it used for? 3.Why do you think it is important in relation to the…

A: RT-PCR stands for Real-time Polymerase Chain reaction. It simply means that enzyme polymerase is…

Q: Review classes of animal viruses. HIV belongs to O sRNA: serves as template for DNA synthesis. O…

A: The viruses can be of different types according to their genetic material. The RNA viruses can be…

Q: 1. Identify the type of chromosome mutation portrayed by the illustrations that follow. The mutation…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.

Q: Discuss the characteristics of retroviruses. How do they act? How is their action different from…

A: Retrovirus are virus that has RNA as genetic material. When it infects the cell it first convert RNA…

Q: Knowing that there is extraordinary variety of viral genomes give some examples.  Briefly compare…

A: Virus are non living and they are made up of rna or dna their genome can be single stranded or…

Q: Why can it be said that the retrovirus genome isunique in all of biology?

A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst that catalyzes the biochemical reactions or processes by lowering the…

Q: Coronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication…

A: The positive sense single stranded RNA virus can replicate only with the help of host cells. In…

Q: What does the acronym CRISPR stand for?  Briefly outline the components of the CRISPR/Cas system.…

A: CRISPR technology is a simple yet powerful tool for editing genomes.

Q: A new virus has recently been discovered that infects human lymphocytes. The virus can be grown in…

A: A virus is a very small submicroscopic agent that is known for causing infections in its host…

Q: Biology 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such…

A: The centra; dogma of the molecular biology was given by Francis Crick to explain the formation of a…

Q: Explain how viruses can be isolated using filtration State that viruses must be cultured in cells.…

A: Isolation of virus in the liquid medium  It is easily done by centrifugation  During this the viral…

Q: GEMC

A: The full form of GEAC is Genetic Engineering Approval Committee. The Government of India has formed…

Q: Propose an explanation for why during the history of the discovery of viruses they were first called…

A: following is discussion regarding history of viruses and why they were initially labelled as…

Q: Many virologists note that viruses which have a genome made up of RNA will tend to evolve faster…

A: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.…

Q: The function of CRISPR gene cluster in Streptococcus pyogenes is to Select one or more: O a. destroy…

A: CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome-editing mechanism that evolved organically in bacteria. CRISPR arrays are…

Q: You are attempting to produce a recombinant virus. Your virus vector has ampicillin resistance. Your…

A: Introduction :- Reporter Genes and Recombinant Viruses Recombinant viruses are created by…

Q: 1. List the sequences of events in lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral infections . 2. Which…

A: 1. The life cycle of the bacteriophages has been a good model for understanding how the viruses will…

Q: Using a viral capsid as a delivery mechanism of a compound is a part of which technology? protein…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.

Q: Ester Lederberg's discovery of the lambda phage and F-plasmid were significant because: (select all…

A: Esther Lederberg’s contributions to the field of microbiology were enormous, ranging from the…

Q: 4. How can bacteria cause mutation in their host? * A. It causes inflammation, breakage, and damage…

A: Mutations caused by environmental factors are called mutagens. Types of mutagens can be: Radiation…

Q: 5) Can you diagonose influenza virus infections using some of the following techniques? (i) Western…

A: Influenza is a viral infection which directly attacks the immune system. This influenza is caused by…

Q: Describe the biosynthesis Filovirus (Marburg virus genome. Discuss the transcription of the virus…

A: *Filovirus cause hemorrhage in humans. *Filovirus genome has negative sense RNA virus. *Negative…

Q: What does a bacteriophage accomplish with lysogeny? 1) it allows the bacteriophage to destroy the…

A: Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are viruses that infect and reproduce inside bacteria.

Q: Researchers have recently discovered giant viruses that are 1 μm in length, the same size as some…

A: All living organisms must perform the basic functions of life process that are necessary for…

Q: What is the function of the CRISPR/ Cas system 2. Briefly outline the components of the CRISPR/Cas…

A: The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that adds resistance to foreign genetic…

Q: The advantage of a ____________ sense genome is that RDRP doesn’t need to be carried in the virion…

A: Introduction :-  Virus is a particle that is too small to be seen with light microscope or to be…

Q: Define the terms "latency" and "lysogeny" as they refer to viruses. Describe at least TWO ways…

A: A virus is a biological agent capable of replicating inside a living host cell. the host cell makes…

Q: 1. Explain how CRISPR is the future of our society.

A: DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence. It is the order of…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.